Mishnah Oholot

כֵּיצַד אַרְבָּעָה. כֵּלִים נוֹגְעִין בְּמֵת, וְאָדָם בַּכֵּלִים, וְכֵלִים בָּאָדָם, טְמֵאִין טֻמְאַת שִׁבְעָה. הָרְבִיעִי, בֵּין אָדָם בֵּין כֵּלִים, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת עָרֶב. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, יֶשׁ לִי חֲמִישִׁי, הַשַּׁפּוּד הַתָּחוּב בָּאֹהֶל, הָאֹהֶל וְהַשַּׁפּוּד וְאָדָם הַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּשַּׁפּוּד וְכֵלִים בָּאָדָם, טְמֵאִין טֻמְאַת שִׁבְעָה. הַחֲמִישִׁי, בֵּין אָדָם בֵּין כֵּלִים, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת עָרֶב. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֵין הָאֹהֶל מִתְחַשֵּׁב:

What is the case of four? Vessels touching a corpse, a person [touching these] vessels, and [other] vessels [touching this] person, are defiled with seven days' defilement. The fourth, whether a person or vessels, is defiled with a defilement [lasting until the] evening. Rabbi Akiva said: I have a fifth, [if] a peg was fixed in a tent, the tent, the peg, a person touching the peg and vessels [touching] the person are defiled with seven days' defilement. The fifth, whether a person or vessels, is defiled with a defilement [lasting until the] evening. They said to him: the tent does not count.

Mishnah Oholot 1:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אָדָם אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא, עַד שֶׁתֵּצֵא נַפְשׁוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ מְגֻיָּד, וַאֲפִלּוּ גוֹסֵס. זוֹקֵק לַיִּבּוּם וּפוֹטֵר מִן הַיִּבּוּם, מַאֲכִיל בַּתְּרוּמָה וּפוֹסֵל בַּתְּרוּמָה. וְכֵן בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה אֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין, עַד שֶׁתֵּצֵא נַפְשָׁם. הֻתְּזוּ רָאשֵׁיהֶם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּפַרְכְּסִים, טְמֵאִים, כְּגוֹן זָנָב שֶׁל לְטָאָה שֶׁהִיא מְפַרְכָּסֶת:

A person does not defile [as a corpse] until he dies. Even he is cut up or even if he is about to die, he [still] makes levirate marriage obligatory and exempts from levirate marriage, he feeds [his mother] terumah and disqualifies [his mother] from eating terumah. Similarly in the case of cattle or wild animals, they do not defile until they die. If their heads have been cut off, even though they are moving convulsively, they are unclean, like a lizard's tail, which moves convulsively.

Mishnah Oholot 1:6 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

מָאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמֹנָה אֵבָרִים בָּאָדָם, שְׁלשִׁים בְּפִסַּת הָרֶגֶל, שִׁשָּׁה בְכָל אֶצְבַּע, עֲשָׂרָה בַקֻּרְסָל, שְׁנַיִם בַּשּׁוֹק, חֲמִשָּׁה בָאַרְכֻּבָּה, אֶחָד בַּיָּרֵךְ, שְׁלשָׁה בַקַּטְלִית, אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה צְלָעוֹת, שְׁלשִׁים בְּפִסַּת הַיָּד, שִׁשָּׁה בְכָל אֶצְבַּע, שְׁנַיִם בַּקָּנֶה, וּשְׁנַיִם בַּמַּרְפֵּק, אֶחָד בַּזְּרוֹעַ, וְאַרְבָּעָה בַכָּתֵף. מֵאָה וְאֶחָד מִזֶּה וּמֵאָה וְאֶחָד מִזֶּה. וּשְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה חֻלְיוֹת בַּשִּׁדְרָה, תִּשְׁעָה בָרֹאשׁ, שְׁמֹנָה בַצַּוָּאר, שִׁשָּׁה בַמַּפְתֵּחַ שֶׁל לֵב, וַחֲמִשָּׁה בִנְקָבָיו. כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא וּבְאֹהֶל. אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי. אֲבָל אִם אֵין עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי, מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא, וְאֵין מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל:

There are two hundred and forty-eight limbs in a human body: Thirty in the foot, six for every toe, Ten in the ankle, Two in the shin, Five in the knee, One in the thigh, Three in the hip, Eleven ribs, Thirty in the hand, [that is] six to every finger, Two in the fore-arm, Two in the elbow, One in the upper arm and Four in the shoulder, [For a total of] one hundred and one on the one side [of the body] and one hundred and one on the other. Eighteen vertebrae in the spine, Nine in the head, Eight in the neck, Six in the key of the heart, And five around the genitals. Each one [of these] can defile by contact, carriage or overshadowing. When is this so? When they have upon them the appropriate amount of flesh, But if they do not have the appropriate amount flesh upon them, they can defile by contact and carriage but cannot defile by overshadowing.

Mishnah Oholot 1:8 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל. הַמֵּת, וְכַזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, וְכַזַּיִת נֶצֶל, וּמְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב, הַשִּׁדְרָה, וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, אֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מֵרֹב הַבִּנְיָן אוֹ מֵרֹב הַמִּנְיָן. וְרֹב בִּנְיָנוֹ וְרֹב מִנְיָנוֹ שֶׁל מֵת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם רֹבַע, טְמֵאִין. כַּמָּה הוּא רֹב מִנְיָנוֹ, מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה:

These things defile by overshadowing: a corpse, an olive-sized [portion of flesh] of a corpse, an olive-sized [portion] of nezel, a ladleful of corpse-mold, the spine or the skull, [a] full limb of a corpse, or [a full] limb [severed] from a living person with the appropriate amount of flesh, a quarter [of a kav] of bones from the structural majority or numerical majority, and the structural majority or numerical majority [of the bones] of a corpse even though they do not amount to a quarter [of a kab]; [all these] are unclean. How many [bones] form the numerical majority? One hundred and twenty-five.

Mishnah Oholot 2:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

רְבִיעִית דָּם, וּרְבִיעִית דַּם תְּבוּסָה מִמֵּת אֶחָד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים. דַּם קָטָן שֶׁיָּצָא כֻלּוֹ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כָּל שֶׁהוּא. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, רְבִיעִית. כַּזַּיִת רִמָּה, בֵּין חַיָּה בֵּין מֵתָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא כִבְשָׂרוֹ, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים. אֵפֶר שְׂרוּפִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, שִׁעוּרוֹ בְרֹבַע, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין. מְלֹא תַרְוָד וְעוֹד עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת, טָמֵא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר. מְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב שֶׁגְּבָלוֹ בְמַיִם, אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר לְטֻמְאָה:

[The following likewise defile:]A quarter [of a log] of blood, A quarter [of a log] of mixed blood from one corpse. Rabbi Akiva says: [even] from two corpses. [With regard to] the blood of a child that has completely flowed forth: Rabbi Akiva says: [it defiles] in even the smallest quantity, But the sages say: [there must be] a quarter [of a log]. [With regard to] an olive-sized [portion] of [corpse] worms whether alive or dead: Rabbi Eliezer declares [it] unclean, like the flesh, But the sages declare [it] clean. [With regard to] the ashes of burnt persons: Rabbi Eliezer says: the [minimum] quantity [for defilement is] a quarter [of a kav]. But the sages declare [them to be] clean. A ladleful and [a little] more of grave-dust is unclean. Rabbi Shimon declares [it to be] clean. A ladleful of corpse-mold mixed with water is not [regarded as] joined [into one mass] for [the purposes of] defilement.

Mishnah Oholot 2:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל. עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, וְאֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים, וּבֵית הַפְּרָס, אֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁאֵין עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי, הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת שֶׁחָסָרוּ. כַּמָּה הוּא חֶסְרוֹן בַּשִּׁדְרָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שְׁתֵּי חֻלְיוֹת. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ חֻלְיָה אֶחָת. וּבַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, כִּמְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנָּטֵל מִן הַחַי וְיָמוּת. בְּאֵיזֶה מַקְדֵּחַ אָמְרוּ, בַּקָּטָן שֶׁל רוֹפְאִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בַּגָּדוֹל שֶׁל לִשְׁכָּה:

The following defile by contact and carriage but not by overshadowing: A bone of barleycorn size, Earth from a foreign country, A bet peras, A limb of a corpse, or a limb [severed] from a living person which has no longer its appropriate flesh, A spine or a skull which is deficient. How much is [considered] a deficiency in the spine? Bet Shammai say: two vertebrae, But Bet Hillel say: even one vertebra. And in the skull? Bet Shammai say: [the size of a] hole [made] by a drill, But Bet Hillel say: as much as would be taken from a living person and he would die. Of what drill did they speak? Of the small one [used] by physicians, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say: of the large one in the Temple-chamber.

Mishnah Oholot 2:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כָּל הַמְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל שֶׁנֶּחְלְקוּ וְהִכְנִיסָן לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִים. כֵּיצַד. הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכִשְׁנֵי חֲצָיֵי זֵיתִים מִן הַנְּבֵלָה אוֹ נוֹשְׂאָן. וּבַמֵּת, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וּמַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, אוֹ נוֹגֵע בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, מַאֲהִיל עַל כִּשְׁנֵי חֲצָיֵי זֵיתִים, מַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. אֲבָל הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וְדָבָר אַחֵר מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו וְעַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, אוֹ מַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת וְדָבָר אַחֵר מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו וְעַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, טָהוֹר. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר, אַף בָּזֶה רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. הַכֹּל טָמֵא, חוּץ מִן הַמַּגָּע עִם הַמַּשָּׂא, וְהַמַּשָּׂא עִם הָאֹהֶל. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כֹּל שֶׁהוּא מִשֵּׁם אֶחָד, טָמֵא. מִשְּׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת, טָהוֹר:

All objects that defile by overshadowing which were divided and then brought into a house: Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares clean. But the sages declare [it] unclean. What is the case? One who touches two pieces of nevelah, each the size of half an olive, or carries them, Or, in the case of a corpse, if he touches a piece the size of half an olive and overshadows [another piece] the size of half an olive, Or if he touches [a piece] the size of half an olive and [another piece] the size of half an olive overshadows him, Or if he overshadows two [pieces, each] the size of half an olive, Or if he overshadows [a piece] the size of half an olive and [another piece] the size of half an olive overshadows him: Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares him clean, And the sages declare him unclean. But if he touches [a piece] the size of half an olive and another object overshadows him and [another piece] the size of half an olive, Or if he overshadows [a piece] the size of half an olive and another object overshadows him and [another piece] the size of half an olive, he is clean. Rabbi Meir says: Even here Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares him clean and the sages declare him unclean. Every [case] is unclean except [a case of] contact [combined] with carriage or of carriage [combined] with overshadowing. This is the general principle: every object [whose defilement] proceeds from one cause is unclean, from two causes is clean.

Mishnah Oholot 3:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

נִשְׁפַּךְ בָּאֲוִיר, אִם הָיָה מְקוֹמוֹ קְטַפְרֵס וְהֶאֱהִיל עַל מִקְצָתוֹ, טָהוֹר. הָיָה אַשְׁבֹּרֶן, אוֹ שֶׁקָּרַשׁ, טָמֵא. נִשְׁפַּךְ עַל הָאַסְקֻפָּה וְהִיא קְטַפְרֵס, בֵּין מִבִּפְנִים בֵּין מִבַּחוּץ, וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, טָהוֹר. הָיָה אַשְׁבֹּרֶן אוֹ שֶׁקָּרַשׁ, טָמֵא. כֹּל שֶׁבַּמֵּת, טָמֵא, חוּץ מִן הַשִּׁנַּיִם וְהַשֵּׂעָר וְהַצִּפֹּרֶן. וּבִשְׁעַת חִבּוּרוֹ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

[Blood] which was poured out in the air: If the place [where it fell] was an incline and [a person or vessel] overshadowed part of it, he [remains] clean. If it was a cavity, or if the blood congealed, he [becomes] unclean. If it was poured out on a threshold: If it inclined either inwards or outwards and the house overshadowed it [that which is in the house] is clean. If there was a cavity, or if it congealed, [that which is in the house becomes] unclean. Every part of a corpse is unclean except the teeth, hair and nails; But when they are joined [to the corpse], they are all unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 3:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, מְרֻבָּע, מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, וְחוֹצֵץ בִּפְנֵי הַטֻּמְאָה. כֵּיצַד. בִּיב שֶׁהוּא קָמוּר תַּחַת הַבַּיִת, יֶשׁ בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְיֵשׁ בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. יֶשׁ בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְאֵין בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, הַטֻּמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. אֵין בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְאֵין בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָמֵא. אֶחָד חוֹר שֶׁחֲרָרוּהוּ מַיִם אוֹ שְׁרָצִים, אוֹ שֶׁאֲכָלַתּוּ מַלַּחַת, וְכֵן מִרְבָּךְ שֶׁל אֲבָנִים, וְכֵן סְוָאר שֶׁל קוֹרוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, כָּל אֹהֶל שֶׁאֵינוֹ עָשׂוּי בִּידֵי אָדָם, אֵינוֹ אֹהֶל. וּמוֹדֶה בִשְׁקִיפִים וּבִסְלָעִים:

[An object] one handbreadth square and one handbreadth high conveys uncleanness and blocks uncleanness. How does it [block uncleanness]? In the case of a covered drain beneath a house, if it has a space a handbreadth wide and its outlet was a handbreadth wide, and there is uncleanness inside it, the house remains clean; And when there is uncleanness in the house, that which is within [the drain] remains clean, for the manner of the uncleanness is to go out and not to go in. If it had a space one handbreadth wide but its outlet was not one handbreadth wide, when there is uncleanness in it, the house becomes unclean; But when there is uncleanness in the house, that which is within it remains clean, for the manner of the uncleanness is to go out and not to go in. If it did not have a space one handbreadth wide and its outlet was not one handbreadth wide, when there is uncleanness within it, the house becomes unclean; And when there is uncleanness in the house, it [also] becomes unclean. It makes no difference if the cavity was carved out by water or by a sheretz or if it had been eaten out by salt. And similarly [if it is in] a row of stones or a pile of beams. Rabbi Judah says: any "tent" not made by a person is not considered a tent’. But he agrees that crevices and crags [can be considered as ‘tents’].

Mishnah Oholot 3:7 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

מִגְדָּל שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בָּאֲוִיר, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, כֵּלִים שֶׁבְּעָבְיוֹ טְהוֹרִים. טֻמְאָה בְעָבְיוֹ, כֵּלִים שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טְהוֹרִים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה. הָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. כֵּלִים שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵין הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵין הַכֹּתֶל, שֶׁבֵּינוֹ לְבֵין הַקּוֹרוֹת, אִם יֶשׁ שָׁם פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טְמֵאִין. וְאִם לָאו, טְהוֹרִין. טֻמְאָה שָׁם, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא:

A cupboard standing in the open air: If there is uncleanness within it, vessels in the [niches in the] thickness [of its walls] remain clean. If there is uncleanness in [the niches in] its thickness, vessels inside [the cupboard] remain clean. Rabbi Yose says: half and half. When it is standing inside a house: If there is uncleanness inside [the cupboard], the house is unclean; If there is uncleanness in the house that which is within [the cupboard] remains clean, for the manner of uncleanness is to go out and not to go in. Vessels which are between [the cupboard] and the ground, or between it and the wall, or between it and the roof-beams: If there is a space of one cubic handbreadth there, they become unclean. If not they remain clean. If there is uncleanness there, the house becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 4:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

תֵּבַת הַמִּגְדָּל, יֶשׁ בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְאֵין בִּיצִיאָתָהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכָהּ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכָהּ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מְטַהֵר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיאָהּ לַחֲצָאִים אוֹ לְשָׂרְפָהּ בִּמְקוֹמָהּ:

[With regard to] a drawer of the cupboard, which is one cubic handbreadth, but whose outlet is not a square handbreadth, if there is uncleanness inside it, the house becomes unclean; But if there is uncleanness in the house, that which is within [the drawer] remains clean, for the manner of uncleanness is to go out and not to go in. Rabbi Yose declares [the house] clean, since he can remove [the uncleanness] by halves or burn it where it stands.

Mishnah Oholot 4:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּתוֹךְ הַפֶּתַח וְנִפְתַּח לַחוּץ, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָמֵא, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. הָיְתָה מוּכְנִי שֶׁלּוֹ מְשׁוּכָה לַאֲחוֹרָיו שָׁלשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת, טֻמְאָה שָׁם כְּנֶגֶד הַקּוֹרוֹת, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֶּשׁ שָׁם פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, וְאֵינָהּ יוֹצְאָה, וְהַמִּגְדָּל בָּא בְמִדָּה:

[In the case where] the cupboard is standing in the doorway and is opened outward, if there is uncleanness inside it, the house remains clean. If there is uncleanness in the house, that which is within [the cupboard] becomes unclean, for the manner of uncleanness is to go out and not to go in. If its wheeled base protruded three fingerbreadths behind it and there was uncleanness inside it under the roof-beams, the house remains clean. When does this ruling apply? When there is a space of one cubic handbreadth, when it is not easily detachable, and when the cupboard is of the stipulated size.

Mishnah Oholot 4:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הָיוּ כְלֵי גְלָלִים, כְּלֵי אֲבָנִים, כְּלֵי אֲדָמָה, הַכֹּל טָהוֹר. הָיָה כְלִי טָהוֹר לַקֹּדֶשׁ וְלַחַטָּאת, הַכֹּל טָהוֹר, שֶׁהַכֹּל נֶאֱמָנִין עַל הַחַטָּאת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַכֵּלִים טְהוֹרִין וּכְלֵי חֶרֶס טְהוֹרִין וּמַצִּילִין עִם דָּפְנוֹת אֹהָלִים:

If [lying over the hatch] there were vessels made of dung, vessels of stone, or vessels of [unbaked] earth, everything [in the upper story] remains clean. If it was a vessel known to be clean for holy things or for [the water of] purification, everything remains clean, since everyone is trusted with [regard to matters of] purification. For clean vessels and earthenware vessels that are [known to be] clean protect with the walls of ‘tents'.

Mishnah Oholot 5:5 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כֵּיצַד. הַבּוֹר וְהַדּוּת שֶׁבַּבַּיִת, וּכְפִישָׁה נְתוּנָה עָלָיו, טָהוֹר. אִם הָיְתָה בְאֵר חֲלָקָה, אוֹ כַוֶּרֶת פְּחוּתָה, וּכְפִישָׁה נְתוּנָה עָלֶיהָ, טָמֵא. אִם הָיָה נֶסֶר חָלָק, אוֹ סְרִידָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ גַּפַּיִם, טָהוֹר, שֶׁאֵין הַכֵּלִים מַצִּילִים עִם דָּפְנוֹת אֹהָלִים עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא לָהֶן דְּפָנוֹת. וְכַמָּה תְהֵא הַדֹּפֶן, טֶפַח. הָיָה לָהּ חֲצִי טֶפַח מִכָּאן וַחֲצִי טֶפַח מִכָּאן, אֵינָהּ דֹּפֶן, עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא לָהּ טֶפַח מִמָּקוֹם אֶחָד:

How so? If there was a cistern or a cellar in a house and a large basket was placed over it, [the contents of the cistern or cellar] remain clean. But if it was a well [with its upper edge] level [with the ground] or a deficient beehive upon which the basket was placed, [the contents] become unclean. If it was a smooth board or netting without rims, [the contents] remain clean. For vessels cannot protect along with walls of an ohel unless they themselves have walls. How much must the wall be? A handbreadth. If there was half a handbreadth on one side and half a handbreadth on the other, it is not [considered] a wall, as there must be a whole handbreadth on one object.

Mishnah Oholot 5:6 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמַּצִּילִין מִבִּפְנִים, כָּךְ מַצִּילִין מִבַּחוּץ. כֵּיצַד, כְּפִישָׁה שֶׁהִיא נְתוּנָה עַל הַיְתֵדוֹת מִבַּחוּץ, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, כֵּלִים שֶׁבַּכְּפִישָׁה טְהוֹרִים. אִם הָיָה כֹתֶל חָצֵר אוֹ כֹתֶל גִּנָּה, אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל. קוֹרָה שֶׁהָיְתָה נְתוּנָה מִכֹּתֶל לְכֹתֶל וּקְדֵרָה תְלוּיָה בָהּ, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, כֵּלִים שֶׁבַּקְּדֵרָה, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין:

Just as they protect inside so they protect outside. How so? In the case of a large basket supported on pegs on the outside [of an ohel], If there was uncleanness beneath it, vessels in the basket remain clean. But if it was [next to] the wall of a courtyard or of a garden, it does not protect. [In the case of] a beam placed across from one wall to an other, with a pot hanging from it, if there was uncleanness beneath it, Rabbi Akiva declares the vessels inside it to be clean, But the sages declare them unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 5:7 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אָדָם וְכֵלִים נַעֲשִׂין אֹהָלִין לְטַמֵּא, אֲבָל לֹא לְטַהֵר. כֵּיצַד. אַרְבָּעָה נוֹשְׂאִין אֶת הַנִּדְבָּךְ, טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁעַל גַּבָּיו טְמֵאִין. טֻמְאָה עַל גַּבָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו טְמֵאִים. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַהֵר. נָתוּן עַל אַרְבָּעָה כֵלִים, אֲפִלּוּ כְלֵי גְלָלִים, כְּלֵי אֲבָנִים, כְּלֵי אֲדָמָה, טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁעַל גַּבָּיו טְמֵאִים. טֻמְאָה עַל גַּבָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו טְמֵאִים. נָתוּן עַל אַרְבָּעָה אֲבָנִים, אוֹ עַל דָּבָר שֶׁיֶּשׁ בּוֹ רוּחַ חַיִּים, טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁעַל גַּבָּיו טְהוֹרִין. טֻמְאָה עַל גַּבָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו טְהוֹרִין:

Both persons and vessels can form ‘tents’ to bring uncleanness, but not to [protect objects so that they] remain clean. How so? There are four people carrying a chest: If there is uncleanness beneath it, vessels upon it become unclean. If there is uncleanness upon it, vessels beneath it become unclean. Rabbi Eliezer declares them clean. [If the chest] is placed upon four vessels, even if they are vessels made of dung, vessels of stone, or vessels of [unbaked] earth, If there is uncleanness beneath [the chest], vessels upon it become unclean. If there is uncleanness beneath it, vessels upon it become unclean. [If the chest] is placed on four stones or on any living creature, If there is uncleanness beneath it, vessels upon it remain clean. If there is uncleanness upon it vessels beneath it remain clean.

Mishnah Oholot 6:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

קוֹבְרֵי הַמֵּת שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹבְרִים בְּאַכְסַדְרָה, וְהֵגִיף אַחַד מֵהֶן אֶת הַדֶּלֶת וּסְמָכוֹ בַמַּפְתֵּחַ, אִם יָכוֹל הַדֶּלֶת לַעֲמֹד בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, טָהוֹר. וְאִם לָאו, טָמֵא. וְכֵן חָבִית שֶׁל גְּרוֹגָרוֹת אוֹ קֻפָּה שֶׁל תֶּבֶן שֶׁהֵן נְתוּנוֹת בְּחַלּוֹן, אִם יְכוֹלִין הַגְּרוֹגָרוֹת וְהַתֶּבֶן לַעֲמֹד בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן, טְהוֹרִין. וְאִם לָאו, טְמֵאִין. בַּיִת שֶׁחֲצָצוֹ בְקַנְקַנִּים וְטָח בְּטִיחַ, אִם יָכוֹל הַטִּיחַ לַעֲמֹד בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, טָהוֹר. וְאִם לָאו, טָמֵא:

If corpse-bearers were passing along a portico and one of them shut a door and locked it with a key, If the door can remain in its position on its own,[the contents of the house] remain clean, But if not, they become unclean. Similarly [in the case of] a barrel of dried figs or a basket of straw placed in a window, If the dried figs or the straw can remain in their position on their own, [the contents of the room] remain clean, But if not they become unclean. [In the case of] a house partitioned off by wine-jars, which had been plastered with clay, If the clay can remain in its position on its own, [the space partitioned off] remains clean, But if not, it becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 6:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כֹּתֶל הַמְשַׁמֵּשׁ אֶת הַבַּיִת, יִדּוֹן מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה. כֵּיצַד. כֹּתֶל שֶׁהוּא לָאֲוִיר וְהַטֻּמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, מֵחֶצְיוֹ וְלִפְנִים, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא, וְהָעוֹמֵד מִלְמַעְלָן טָהוֹר. מֵחֶצְיוֹ וְלַחוּץ, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר, וְהָעוֹמֵד מִלְמַעְלָן טָמֵא. מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. וְהָעוֹמֵד מִלְמַעְלָן, רַבִּי מֵאִיר מְטַמֵּא, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַכֹּתֶל לַבָּיִת:

A wall serving a house is treated as if it was separate halves. How so? A wall serving an open space, that has uncleanness within it: If it is in the inward half, the house is unclean, But what is above [the wall] remains clean. If it is in the outward half, the house remains clean, But what is above [the wall] becomes unclean. If it is exactly in the middle, the house becomes unclean, And as for what is above, Rabbi Meir declares it unclean, But the sages declare it clean. Rabbi Judah says: the whole of the wall belongs to the house.

Mishnah Oholot 6:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַטֻּמְאָה בַכֹּתֶל, וּמְקוֹמָהּ טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, כָּל הָעֲלִיּוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ, אֲפִלּוּ הֵן עֶשֶׂר, טְמֵאוֹת. הָיְתָה עֲלִיָּה אַחַת עַל גַּבֵּי שְׁנֵי בָתִּים, הִיא טְמֵאָה, וְכָל הָעֲלִיּוֹת שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ, טְהוֹרוֹת. כֹּתֶל שָׁנִית, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. נֶפֶשׁ אֲטוּמָה, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִן הַצְּדָדִין, טָהוֹר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁטֻּמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. אִם הָיָה מְקוֹם הַטֻּמְאָה טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כְקֶבֶר סָתוּם. סָמַךְ לָהּ סֻכּוֹת, טְמֵאוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְטַהֵר:

If there is uncleanness in a wall, in a space of one cubic handbreadth, all upper stories above it, even if there are ten of them, are unclean. If there was a single upper story [built] over two houses, that one becomes unclean but all upper stories above it remain clean. [In a] beach- wall, uncleanness cleaves upwards and downward. [With regard to] a solid tomb monument, a person who touches it from the side remains clean, since [its] uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. But if there was a [free] space of a cubic handbreadth in the place where the uncleanness was, a person touching it anywhere becomes unclean, because it is like a closed grave. If he supported sukkot on [the monument] they become unclean. Rabbi Judah declares them clean.

Mishnah Oholot 7:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כָּל שִׁפּוּעֵי אֹהָלִין, כָּאֹהָלִין. אֹהֶל שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹפֵעַ וְיוֹרֵד, וְכָלֶה עַד כְּאֶצְבַּע, טֻמְאָה בָאֹהֶל, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחַת הַשִּׁפּוּעַ, טְמֵאִים. טֻמְאָה תַחַת הַשִּׁפּוּעַ, כֵּלִים שֶׁבָּאֹהֶל, טְמֵאִין. טֻמְאָה מִתּוֹכוֹ, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בּוֹ מִתּוֹכוֹ, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת שִׁבְעָה. וּמֵאֲחוֹרָיו, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת עָרֶב. טֻמְאָה מֵאֲחוֹרָיו, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בּוֹ מֵאֲחוֹרָיו, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת שִׁבְעָה. מִתּוֹכוֹ, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת עָרֶב. כַּחֲצִי זַיִת מִתּוֹכוֹ וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מֵאֲחוֹרָיו, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בּוֹ, בֵּין מִתּוֹכוֹ בֵּין מֵאֲחוֹרָיו, טָמֵא טֻמְאַת עָרֶב. מִקְצָתוֹ מְרֻדָּד עַל הָאָרֶץ, טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו אוֹ עַל גַּבָּיו, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. אֹהֶל שֶׁהוּא נָטוּי בָּעֲלִיָּה, מִקְצָתוֹ מְרֻדָּד עַל הָאֲרֻבָּה שֶׁבֵּין בַּיִת לָעֲלִיָּה, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, מַצִּיל. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל, עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא נָטוּי כִּנְטִיַּת הָאֹהֶל:

All sloping [parts] of ‘tents’ are reckoned like ‘tents.' A ‘tent’ [whose sides] sloped downwards and finished off one fingerbreadth [from the ground]: If there is uncleanness in the ‘tent’, vessels beneath the slope become unclean. If there is uncleanness beneath the slope, vessels in the ‘tent’ become unclean. If there is uncleanness within, a person who touches [the tent] from the inside acquires a seven [days’] defilement, but from the outside, a defilement [lasting till] evening. If there had been uncleanness outside, a person who touches the ‘tent’ from the outside acquires a seven [days’] defilement, but from the inside, a defilement [lasting till] evening. If there was [a portion of uncleanness] the size of half an olive [touching it] from inside and half an olive from the outside, a person who touches [the ‘tent’] either from within or without acquires a defilement [lasting till] evening. If a part [of the ‘tent’ side] trailed along the ground, when there is uncleanness beneath or above [this part], the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. [In the case of] a ‘tent’ erected in an upper story, with a portion [of its side] trailing over the hatch between the house and the upper story: Rabbi Yose says it does protect. Rabbi Shimon says: it does not protect unless it put up in the usual manner of erecting tents.

Mishnah Oholot 7:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַמֵּת בַּבַּיִת וּבוֹ פְתָחִין הַרְבֵּה, כֻּלָּן טְמֵאִין. נִפְתַּח אַחַד מֵהֶן, הוּא טָמֵא וְכֻלָּן טְהוֹרִים. חָשַׁב לְהוֹצִיאוֹ בְאַחַד מֵהֶן, אוֹ בְחַלּוֹן שֶׁהוּא אַרְבָּעָה עַל אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים, הִצִּיל עַל כָּל הַפְּתָחִים. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, יַחְשֹׁב עַד שֶׁלֹּא יָמוּת הַמֵּת. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אַף מִשֶּׁמֵּת. הָיָה סָתוּם וְנִמְלַךְ לְפָתְחוֹ, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, כְּשֶׁיִּפְתַּח אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, כְּשֶׁיַּתְחִיל. וּמוֹדִים בְּפוֹתֵחַ בַּתְּחִלָּה, שֶׁיִּפְתַּח אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים:

If a corpse is in a house in which there are many doors, they all become unclean. If one of them was opened, that one becomes unclean but all the rest remain clean. If he intended to carry out the corpse through one of them or through a window of four hand breadths square, he protects all the other doors. Bet Shammai says: the intention must have been formed before the person died. Bet Hillel say: even after he died. If [a door] was blocked up and it was decided to open it: Bet Shammai says: [it is effective] as soon he opens a [a space] four handbreadths square. Bet Hillel says: as soon as [the process] has begun. They agree, however, that when making an opening for the first time, four handbreadths must be opened up.

Mishnah Oholot 7:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

יֵשׁ מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה וְחוֹצְצִין, מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה וְלֹא חוֹצְצִין, חוֹצְצִין וְלֹא מְבִיאִין, לֹא מְבִיאִין וְלֹא חוֹצְצִין. אֵלּוּ מְבִיאִין וְחוֹצְצִין, הַשִּׁדָּה וְהַתֵּבָה וְהַמִּגְדָּל, כַּוֶּרֶת הַקַּשׁ, כַּוֶּרֶת הַקָּנִים, וּבוֹר סְפִינָה אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִית, שֶׁיֶּשׁ לָהֶן שׁוּלַיִם וְהֵן מַחֲזִיקִים אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה בְלַח, שֶׁהֵם כּוֹרַיִם בְּיָבֵשׁ. וִירִיעָה, וּסְקוֹרְטְיָא, וּקְטָבֹלְיָא, וְסָדִין, וּמַפָּץ, וּמַחֲצֶלֶת, שֶׁהֵן עֲשׂוּיִין אֹהָלִים, וְעֵדֶר בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וּטְהוֹרָה, וּמְכוֹנוֹת חַיָּה וָעוֹף, וְהָעוֹף שֶׁשָּׁכַן, וְהָעוֹשֶׂה מָקוֹם לְבֵנָה בַּשִּׁבֳּלִים, הָאֵירוּס וְהַקִּסּוֹם, וְיַרְקוֹת חֲמוֹר, וּדְלַעַת יְוָנִית, וְאֳכָלִים טְהוֹרִים. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי לֹא הָיָה מוֹדֶה בְּאֳכָלִים טְהוֹרִין, חוּץ מִן הָעִגּוּל שֶׁל דְּבֵלָה:

Some things bring forth uncleanness and [also] a protect [against it]; [Some things] bring forth uncleanness but do not protect against it; [Some things] protect but do not bring forth; [Some things] do not bring forth nor do they protect. The following bring forth and protect against [impurity]: A chest, a box, a cupboard, a beehive of straw, a beehive of reeds, or the water-tank of an Alexandrian ship, such of which [objects] have [flat] bottoms and can contain [at least] forty seahs liquid measure or two kors dry measure. [Also] a curtain, a leather apron, a leather bedspread, a sheet, a matting underlay or a mat when made into tents. A herd of cattle, unclean or clean, packs of wild animals or birds, a resting bird, a [shady] place that [a woman] makes for her son among the ears of corn; The iris, the ivy, squirting cucumber, Greek gourds and clean foodstuffs. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri did not agree with regard to clean foodstuffs except in the case of a cake of dried figs.

Mishnah Oholot 8:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַזִּיזִין, וְהַגִּזְרִיּוֹת, וְהַשּׁוֹבָכוֹת, וְהַשְּׁקִיפִים, וְהַסְּלָעִים, וְהַגְּהָרִים, וְהַשְּׁנָנִים, וְהַסְּכָכוֹת, וְהַפְּרָעוֹת, שֶׁהֵן יְכוֹלִים לְקַבֵּל מַעֲזִיבָה רַכָּה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, מַעֲזִיבָה בֵינוֹנִית. אֵלּוּ הֵן הַסְּכָכוֹת, אִילָן שֶׁהוּא מֵסֵךְ עַל הָאָרֶץ. וְהַפְּרָעוֹת, הַיּוֹצְאוֹת מִן הַגָּדֵר:

Projections from a wall, balconies, dovecotes, crevices and crags, grottoes, [overhanging] pinnacles, interlaced boughs and protruding stones as long as they are cable of sustaining thin plasterwork, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say a medium plasterwork. What are interlaced boughs? A tree which casts shade over the ground. Protruding stones? [Stones] that project from a wall.

Mishnah Oholot 8:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֵלּוּ לֹא מְבִיאִין וְלֹא חוֹצְצִין. הַזְּרָעִים וְהַיְרָקוֹת הַמְחֻבָּרִים לַקַּרְקַע, חוּץ מִן הַיְרָקוֹת שֶׁמָּנוּ, וְכִפַּת הַבָּרָד, וְהַשֶּׁלֶג, וְהַכְּפוֹר, וְהַגְּלִיד, וְהַמֶּלַח, וְהַדּוֹלֵג מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, וְהַקּוֹפֵץ מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, וְהָעוֹף הַפּוֹרֵחַ, וְטַלִּית הַמְנַפְנֶפֶת, וּסְפִינָה שֶׁהִיא שָׁטָה עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם. קָשַׁר אֶת הַסְּפִינָה בְּדָבָר שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְהַעֲמִידָהּ, כָּבַשׁ אֶת הָאֶבֶן עַל גַּבֵּי הַטַּלִּית, מְבִיאָה אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, הַבַּיִת שֶׁבַּסְּפִינָה אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה:

The following neither bring [impurity] nor protect against it:Seeds, plants [still] attached to the ground, except for the plants mentioned above, A lump of hail, snow, frost, ice and salt. [Anything] that hops from one place to another, or leaps from one place to another, a flying bird. A loosely-flapping garment, or a ship floating [freely] on the water. If the ship were tied with something that can keep it steady, or a stone were [placed so as] to hold down the garment, it can bring uncleanness. Rabbi Yose says: a house on a ship cannot bring uncleanness.

Mishnah Oholot 8:5 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהִיא כְלִי מְחֻלְחָלֶת. הָיְתָה פְחוּתָה וּפְקוּקָה בְקַשׁ אוֹ אֲפוּצָה, אֵיזוֹ הִיא אֲפוּצָה, כֹּל שֶׁאֵין לָהּ טֶפַח מִמָּקוֹם אֶחָד, כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת נָתוּן תַּחְתֶּיהָ, כְּנֶגְדּוֹ עַד הַתְּהוֹם טָמֵא. עַל גַּבָּהּ, כְּנֶגְדּוֹ עַד הָרָקִיעַ טָמֵא. בַּבַּיִת, אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא הַבַּיִת. בְּתוֹכָהּ, אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא תוֹכָהּ:

When do these rules apply? When the hive is a vessel and it is loosely placed in the door. If it is defective, although [it may be] stopped up with straw or it is stuck to the side of the door What is "stuck? Anything which has no opening of one handbreadth : Then, if an olive-sized [portion] of a corpse is placed below it, [everything] directly [below the portion] to the depths becomes unclean; [If placed] above [the hive everything] directly above to the sky becomes unclean. [If the uncleanness is] in the house, nothing becomes unclean except the house. [If the uncleanness is] within [the hive] nothing becomes unclean except that which is within [the hive].

Mishnah Oholot 9:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אָרוֹן שֶׁהִיא רְחָבָה מִלְּמַטָּן וְצָרָה מִלְמַעְלָן וְהַמֵּת בְּתוֹכָהּ, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִלְּמַטָּן, טָהוֹר. וּמִלְמַעְלָן, טָמֵא. רְחָבָה מִלְמַעְלָן וְצָרָה מִלְּמַטָּן, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא. הָיְתָה שָׁוָה, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַטָּן, טָהוֹר. מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַעְלָן, טָמֵא. הָעֲשׂוּיָה כְמִין קַמְטְרָא, הַנּוֹגֵע בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא. כְּמִין גְּלוֹסְקוֹס, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָהוֹר, חוּץ מִמְּקוֹם פְּתִיחָתָהּ:

A coffin which is broad below and narrow above, and has a corpse within it: A person touching it below remains clean; But above becomes unclean. If it is broad above and narrow below, a person touching it anywhere becomes unclean. If it was the same [above and below], a person touching it anywhere becomes unclean, the words of Rabbi Eliezer. But Rabbi Joshua says: a handbreadth and more below is clean, but from that handbreadth upwards is unclean. If it was made like a clothes-chest, a person touching it anywhere becomes unclean. If it was made like a case, a person touching it anywhere remains clean, except at the place where it opens.

Mishnah Oholot 9:15 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

חָבִית שֶׁהִיא יוֹשֶׁבֶת עַל שׁוּלֶיהָ בָאֲוִיר וְכַזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת נָתוּן תַּחְתֶּיהָ אוֹ בְתוֹכָהּ כְּנֶגֶד קוּרְקוּרָתָהּ, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרֶדֶת, וְהֶחָבִית טְמֵאָה. תַּחַת דָּפְנָהּ מִבַּחוּץ, טֻמְאָה בּוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרֶדֶת, וְהֶחָבִית טְהוֹרָה. בְּתוֹכָהּ וְתַחַת דָּפְנָהּ, אִם יֵשׁ בַּדְּפָנוֹת פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, הַכֹּל טָמֵא, וּכְנֶגֶד פִּיהָ, טָהוֹר. וְאִם לָאו, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בִּטְהוֹרָה. אֲבָל אִם הָיְתָה טְמֵאָה אוֹ גְבוֹהָה מִן הָאָרֶץ טֶפַח אוֹ מְכֻסָּה אוֹ כְפוּיָה עַל פִּיהָ, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, בְּתוֹכָהּ אוֹ עַל גַּבָּהּ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

A jar resting on its bottom in the open air: If an olive-sized [portion] of a corpse is placed beneath it or within it directly [above] its bottom, the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards, and the jar becomes unclean. [If the uncleanness is] outside below a [protruding] side, the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards, but the jar remains clean. [If the uncleanness is] within [the jar] and underneath the protruding sides, If there is within the [cavity of] the side a space of a cubic handbreadth everything [within the cavity] becomes unclean, but what lies directly [below] the mouth remains clean. If there is not [a space of a cubic handbreadth] the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. When do these rules apply? When the jar is clean. If it was unclean, or if it was one handbreadth high off the ground, or covered, or inverted [so as to stand] on its mouth, if there is uncleanness beneath it, within it or above it, everything becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 9:16 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֲרֻבָּה שֶׁהִיא בְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת וְיֶשׁ בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה טָהוֹר. טֻמְאָה כְנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. הַטֻּמְאָה בֵּין בַּבַּיִת וּבֵין כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה, נָתַן אֶת רַגְלוֹ מִלְמַעְלָן, עֵרֵב אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. מִקְצָת טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת וּמִקְצָתָהּ כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא, וּכְנֶגֶד הַטֻּמְאָה טָמֵא:

A hatchway in a house, which has an opening of a [square] handbreadth, If there is uncleanness in the house, what is directly [below] the hatchway remains clean. If the uncleanness is directly [below] the hatchway, the house remains clean. If the uncleanness is either in the house or directly [below] the hatchway, and a person placed his foot above [the hatchway] he has combined [with the roof to bring] uncleanness. If part of the uncleanness is in the room and part of it directly [below] the hatchway, the house becomes unclean and what is directly [above] the uncleanness becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 10:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֲרֻבָּה שֶׁהִיא בְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת וּקְדֵרָה נְתוּנָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, שֶׁאִם תַּעֲלֶה, אֵין שִׂפְתוֹתֶיהָ נוֹגְעוֹת בָּאֲרֻבָּה, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, בְּתוֹכָהּ אוֹ עַל גַּבָּהּ, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. הָיְתָה גְבוֹהָה מִן הָאָרֶץ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, אוֹ בַבַּיִת, תַּחְתֶּיהָ וְהַבַּיִת, טָמֵא. תּוֹכָהּ וְגַבָּהּ, טָהוֹר. בְּתוֹכָהּ אוֹ עַל גַּבָּהּ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

In the case of a hatchway in a house with a pot placed below it that, if it was raised, its rims would not touch the [edges of the] hatchway: If there is uncleanness below, within or above [the pot], the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. In the case where [the pot] was one handbreadth high off the ground, if there is uncleanness below it or in the house, what is below it and in the house becomes unclean, but what is within [the pot] or above it, remains clean. [If the uncleanness is] within or above [the pot], everything becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 10:6 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הָיְתָהּ נְתוּנָה בְצַד הָאַסְקֻפָּה שֶׁאִם תַּעֲלֶה הִיא נוֹגַעַת בַּמַּשְׁקוֹף פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, בְּתוֹכָהּ אוֹ עַל גַּבָּהּ, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת. הָיְתָה גְבוֹהָה מִן הָאָרֶץ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ אוֹ בַבַּיִת, תַּחְתֶּיהָ וְהַבַּיִת טָמֵא, תּוֹכָהּ וְגַבָּהּ טָהוֹר. בְּתוֹכָהּ אוֹ עַל גַּבָּהּ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא. שֶׁאִם תַּעֲלֶה אֵינָהּ נוֹגַעַת בַּשְּׁקוֹף פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, אוֹ מֻדְבֶּקֶת בַּשְּׁקוֹף, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֶּיהָ, אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא תַחְתֶּיהָ:

[In the case where the pot was] placed on the side of the threshold [of the house] such that if it was raised it would touch the lintel over a [space of a square] handbreadth: If there is uncleanness below, within or above [the pot], the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards. [In the case] where it was one handbreadth high off the ground: If there is uncleanness below it or in the house, what is below it and in the house becomes unclean. If the uncleanness is within or above [the pot], everything becomes unclean. [In the case where the pot] if raised would not touch the lintel over a [space of a square] handbreadth, or is joined to the lintel, if there is uncleanness below it, nothing is unclean except what is below [the pot].

Mishnah Oholot 10:7 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

סָגוֹס עָבֶה וְכֹפֶת עָבֶה אֵינָן מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ גְבוֹהִים מִן הָאָרֶץ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. קְפוּלִים, זוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי זוֹ, אֵינָן מְבִיאוֹת אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא הָעֶלְיוֹנָה גְבוֹהָה מִן הָאָרֶץ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. הָיָה אָדָם נָתוּן שָׁם, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אָדָם חָלוּל הוּא, וְהַצַּד הָעֶלְיוֹן מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה:

A thick woolen jacket or a thick wooden block does not bring uncleanness until they are one handbreadth high off the ground. If [garments] are folded one above the other they do not bring uncleanness until the uppermost is one handbreadth high off the ground. If a person were placed there [under the split in the portico]: Bet Shammai says: he does not bring the uncleanness. But Bet Hillel says: a person is hollow and his uppermost side brings the uncleanness.

Mishnah Oholot 11:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כֶּלֶב שֶׁאָכַל בְּשַׂר הַמֵּת וּמֵת הַכֶּלֶב וּמֻטָּל עַל הָאַסְקֻפָּה, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אִם יֵשׁ בְּצַוָּארוֹ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. וְאִם לָאו, אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, רוֹאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, מִכְּנֶגֶד הַמַּשְׁקוֹף וְלִפְנִים, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. מִכְּנֶגֶד הַמַּשְׁקוֹף וְלַחוּץ, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, פִּיו לִפְנִים, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. פִּיו לַחוּץ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא, שֶׁהַטֻּמְאָה יוֹצֵאת דֶּרֶךְ שׁוּלָיו. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶן בְּתֵירָא אוֹמֵר, בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. כַּמָּה תִשְׁהֶה בְמֵעָיו. שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים מֵעֵת לְעֵת. בְּעוֹפוֹת וּבְדָגִים, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּפֹּל לָאוּר וְתִשָּׂרֵף, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶן בְּתֵירָא אוֹמֵר, בְּעוֹפוֹת וּבְדָגִים, מֵעֵת לְעֵת:

A dog which had eaten the flesh of a corpse and then died and was lying over the threshold:Rabbi Meir says: if its neck has a thickness of one handbreadth it can bring the uncleanness, but if not, it does not bring the uncleanness. Rabbi Yose says: we [examine to] see where the uncleanness is. If it is beneath the lintel and inwards, the house becomes unclean; if from the lintel and outwards, the house remains clean. Rabbi Eliezer says: if its mouth [points] inwards, the house remains clean; if its mouth [points] outwards, the house becomes unclean, since the uncleanness goes out through its hind. Rabbi Judah ben Batera says: in either case the house becomes unclean. How long can [the uncleanness] remain in its entrails? Three whole days. [If in the entrails] of fishes or birds, as long as [it takes for the uncleanness] to fall in the fire and be consumed, the words of Rabbi Shimon. Rabbi Judah ben Batera says: in the case of fishes or birds, twenty-four hours.

Mishnah Oholot 11:7 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הֶחָדוּת שֶׁבַּבַּיִת וּמְנוֹרָה בְתוֹכוֹ, וְהַפֶּרַח שֶׁלָּהּ יוֹצֵא וּכְפִישָׁה נְתוּנָה עָלָיו, שֶׁאִם תִּנָּטֵל הַמְּנוֹרָה וּכְפִישָׁה עוֹמֶדֶת עַל פִּי הֶחָדוּת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, הֶחָדוּת טָהוֹר, וּמְנוֹרָה טְמֵאָה. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אַף הַמְּנוֹרָה טְהוֹרָה. וּמוֹדִים, שֶׁאִם תִּנָּטֵל הַמְּנוֹרָה וּכְפִישָׁה נוֹפֶלֶת, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

A cellar in a house with a candlestick in it, whose calyx protrudes and an olive-basket is placed such that if the candlestick was taken away the olive-basket would still remain over the mouth of the cellar: Bet Shammai says: the cellar remains clean but the candlestick becomes unclean. Bet Hillel says: the candlestick also remains clean. But they agree that if the olive-basket would fall [into the cellar] if the candlestick was removed, all would become unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 11:8 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

נֶסֶר שֶׁהוּא נָתוּן עַל פִּי תַנּוּר חָדָשׁ וְעוֹדֵף מִכָּל צְדָדָיו בְּפוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁעַל גַּבָּיו טְהוֹרִים. טֻמְאָה עַל גַּבָּיו, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו טְהוֹרִים. וּבְיָשָׁן, טָמֵא. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי מְטַהֵר. נָתוּן עַל פִּי שְׁנֵי תַנּוּרִים, טֻמְאָה בֵינֵיהֶם, הֵם טְמֵאִים. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי מְטַהֵר:

A board placed over the mouth of a new oven, overlapping it on all sides to the extent of a handbreadth, If there is uncleanness beneath [the board], vessels above it remain clean; If there is uncleanness above it, vessels beneath it remain clean. In the case of an old oven, they become unclean. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri declares them clean. [If the board] is placed over the mouth of two ovens, if there is uncleanness between them, they become unclean. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri declares them clean.

Mishnah Oholot 12:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

נֶסֶר שֶׁהוּא נָתוּן עַל פִּי תַנּוּר יָשָׁן, יוֹצֵא מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה טֶפַח אֲבָל לֹא מִן הַצְּדָדִים, טֻמְאָה בְצַד זֶה, כֵּלִים שֶׁבַּצַּד הַשֵּׁנִי טְהוֹרִים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מְטַמֵּא. הַבְּטַח אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. הָיָה בוֹ זִיז, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, רוֹאִים אֶת הַבְּטַח כְּאִלּוּ אֵינוֹ, וְהַזִּיז הָעֶלְיוֹן מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה:

[In a case where] the board is placed over the mouth of an old oven projects from either [end] to the extent of one handbreadth but not from the sides: If there is uncleanness under one end [of the board], vessels [under] the other end remain clean. Rabbi Yose declares them unclean. A betach does not bring uncleanness. If there was a projection in it: Rabbi Eliezer says: it [still] does not bring uncleanness. Rabbi Joshua says: we look at the betach as if it is not there, and the projection above brings uncleanness.

Mishnah Oholot 12:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת מֻדְבָּק לָאַסְקֻפָּה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַבָּיִת. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מְטַהֵר. הָיָה נָתוּן תַּחַת הָאַסְקֻפָּה, יִדּוֹן מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה. מֻדְבָּק לַמַּשְׁקוֹף, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מְטַהֵר. הָיָה נָתוּן בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּמַּשְׁקוֹף, טָמֵא. הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּאַסְקֻפָּה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַטָּן, טָהוֹר. מִטֶּפַח וּלְמַעְלָן, טָמֵא:

If an olive-sized portion of a corpse is stuck to the threshold: Rabbi Eliezer declares the house unclean. Rabbi Joshua declares it clean. If it was placed beneath the threshold, the [case] is judged by the half [in which the uncleanness is found]. If it is stuck to the lintel, the house becomes unclean. Rabbi Yose declares it clean. If it was in the house, a person touching the lintel becomes unclean. [As for] a person touching the threshold: Rabbi Eliezer declares him unclean. Rabbi Joshua says: [if he touches it at a point] below a handbreadth [from the surface] he remains clean; above that handbreadth he becomes unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 12:8 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הָעוֹשֶׂה מָאוֹר בַּתְּחִלָּה, שִׁעוּרוֹ מְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ גָּדוֹל שֶׁל לִשְׁכָּה. שְׁיָרֵי הַמָּאוֹר, רוּם אֶצְבָּעַיִם עַל רֹחַב הַגּוּדָל. אֵלּוּ הֵן שְׁיָרֵי הַמָּאוֹר, חַלּוֹן שֶׁסְּתָמָהּ וְלֹא הִסְפִּיק לְגָמְרָהּ. חֲרָרוּהוּ מַיִם אוֹ שְׁרָצִים אוֹ שֶׁאֲכָלַתּוּ מַלַּחַת, שִׁעוּרוֹ מְלֹא אֶגְרוֹף. חָשַׁב עָלָיו לְתַשְׁמִישׁ, שִׁעוּרוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. לְמָאוֹר, שִׁעוּרוֹ מְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ. הַסְּרִיגוֹת וְהָרְפָפוֹת מִצְטָרְפוֹת כִּמְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמַּאי. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא בְמָקוֹם אֶחָד מְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ. לְהָבִיא הַטֻּמְאָה וּלְהוֹצִיא הַטֻּמְאָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, לְהָבִיא הַטֻּמְאָה, אֲבָל לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה בְּפוֹתֵחַ טָפַח:

One who makes a new light hole, its minimum size is that of a hole made by the large drill of the Temple chamber. The remains of a light-hole [the size is] two fingerbreadths high by a thumb-breadth broad. The following is considered the remains of a light-hole: a window that a person had blocked up but had not been able to finish [being blocked up]. [A hole] that was bored by water, or by reptiles or eaten away by salt: the minimum size is that of a fist. If he intended to use it, its minimum size is one handbreadth square; For lighting its minimum size is that of a hole made by the drill. The holes in grating or lattice-work may be joined together to form [an opening] the size of a hole made by the drill, according to the opinion of Bet Shammai. Bet Hillel says: unless there is a hole of the size made by the drill in one place. [The above applies] for purposes of allowing the uncleanness to come in or to go out. Rabbi Shimon says: only for allowing the uncleanness to come in; but for allowing the uncleanness to go out [the minimum size] is one handbreadth square.

Mishnah Oholot 13:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֵלּוּ מְמַעֲטִין אֶת הַטֶּפַח. פָּחוֹת מִכַּזַּיִת בָּשָׂר מְמַעֵט עַל יְדֵי רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת, וּפָחוֹת מֵעֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה מְמַעֵט עַל יְדֵי כַזַּיִת בָּשָׂר. פָּחוֹת מִכַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, פָּחוֹת מִכַּזַּיִת מִן הַנְּבֵלָה, פָּחוֹת מִכָּעֲדָשָׁה מִן הַשֶּׁרֶץ, פָּחוֹת מִכַּבֵּיצָה אֳכָלִים, הַתְּבוּאָה שֶׁבַּחַלּוֹן, וְכָכַי שֶׁיֶּשׁ בָּהּ מַמָּשׁ, וְנִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּהוֹר שֶׁלֹּא חִשַּׁב עָלֶיהָ, וְנִבְלַת עוֹף הַטָּמֵא שֶׁחִשַּׁב עָלֶיהָ וְלֹא הִכְשִׁירָהּ, אוֹ הִכְשִׁירָהּ וְלֹא חִשַּׁב עָלֶיהָ:

The following [objects serve to] reduce [the area of a square] handbreadth:[A portion] of less than an olive-size of flesh [of a corpse] reduces [the opening for uncleanness that is] caused by a quarter of a kav of bones [from a corpse]; [A portion] of less than a barley-corn size of bone reduces [the opening for uncleanness that is] caused by an olive-sized portion of flesh; Less than an olive-sized portion of a corpse, Less than an olive-sized portion of carrion, Less than a lentil-sized portion of sheretz; Less than an egg-sized portion of food; Produce growing next to the window, A cobweb having substance; The carcass of a clean bird that he did not intend to eat, And the carcass of an unclean bird that had been intended [for food] that had not been rendered susceptible [to uncleanness], or which had been rendered susceptible [to uncleanness] but had not been intended [for food].

Mishnah Oholot 13:5 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

אֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵינָן מְמַעֲטִים. אֵין הָעֶצֶם מְמַעֵט עַל יְדֵי עֲצָמוֹת, וְלֹא בָשָׂר עַל יְדֵי בָשָׂר, וְלֹא כַזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, וְלֹא כַזַּיִת מִן הַנְּבֵלָה, וְלֹא כָעֲדָשָׁה מִן הַשֶּׁרֶץ, וְלֹא כַבֵּיצָה אֳכָלִים, וְלֹא תְבוּאָה שֶׁבַּחַלּוֹנוֹת, וְלֹא כָכַי שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מַמָּשׁ, וְלֹא נִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּהוֹר שֶׁחִשַּׁב עָלֶיהָ, וְלֹא נִבְלַת עוֹף הַטָּמֵא שֶׁחִשַּׁב עָלֶיהָ וְהִכְשִׁירָהּ, וְלֹא הַשְּׁתִי וְהָעֵרֶב הַמְנֻגָּעִים, וְלֹא לְבֵנָה מִבֵּית הַפְּרָס, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הַלְּבֵנָה מְמַעֶטֶת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעֲפָרָהּ טָהוֹר. זֶה הַכְּלָל, הַטָּהוֹר מְמַעֵט, וְהַטָּמֵא אֵינוֹ מְמַעֵט:

The following do not reduce [the area of the window]: Bone does not reduce [the area] for [other] bones; Nor [corpse] flesh for [other] flesh; Nor an olive-sized [portion] of a corpse; Nor an olive-sized portion of carrion; Nor a lentil-sized portion of reptile; Nor an egg-sized portion of food; Nor produce growing in the windows; Nor a cobweb having no substance; Nor the carcass of a clean bird which had been intended [for food]; Nor the carcass of an unclean bird which had been intended [for food] and had been rendered susceptible to uncleanness; Nor warp and woof threads that have negaim; Nor a brick from a bet haperas, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say: the brick can reduce, because the dust [of the bet haperas] is clean. This is the general rule: what is clean reduces [the area], and what is unclean does not reduce it.

Mishnah Oholot 13:6 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַזִּיז מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה כָּל שֶׁהוּא. הַגִּזְרָה וְהַגַּבְלִית, בְּפוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. אֵיזֶהוּ הַזִּיז, שֶׁפָּנָיו לְמַטָּה. וְהַגִּזְרָה, שֶׁפָּנֶיהָ לְמָעְלָה. וּבַמָּה אָמְרוּ הַזִּיז מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה כָל שֶׁהוּא, בְּזִיז שֶׁהוּא גָבוֹהַּ מִן הַפֶּתַח שְׁלשָׁה נִדְבָּכִין, שֶׁהֵם שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר טֶפַח. יָתֵר מִכָּאן, מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה בְפוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. הָעֲטָרוֹת וְהַפִּתּוּחִים מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה בְפוֹתֵחַ טָפַח:

A projection brings uncleanness, whatever width it may be; But a balcony or rounded balcony when they are one handbreadth wide. What is a projection? That [projection] whose surface slopes downwards, And a balcony's surface slopes upwards. In what [circumstances] did they say that a projection brings uncleanness whatever width it may be? With regard to a projection which is three rows of stones, or twelve handbreadths, above the doorway. When higher than that, it brings uncleanness only if it is one handbreadth wide. Cornices and carvings bring uncleanness when they are one handbreadth wide.

Mishnah Oholot 14:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

זִיז שֶׁהוּא סוֹבֵב אֶת כָּל הַבַּיִת וְאוֹכֵל בַּפֶּתַח שָׁלשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת, טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, כֵּלִים שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו טְמֵאִים. טֻמְאָה תַחְתָּיו, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַבַּיִת, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מְטַהֵר. וְכֵן בְּחָצֵר שֶׁהִיא מֻקֶּפֶת אַכְסַדְרָה:

[In the case of] a projection which goes all round the house, occupying space above the doorway to the extent of three fingerbreadths, if there is uncleanness in the house, vessels beneath [the projection] become unclean. If the uncleanness is beneath [the projection]: Rabbi Eliezer declares the house unclean, But Rabbi Joshua declares it clean. A similar [rule applies] to a courtyard surrounded by a portico.

Mishnah Oholot 14:4 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

שְׁנֵי זִיזִין זֶה עַל גַּבֵּי זֶה וְיֵשׁ בָּהֶן פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וּבֵינֵיהֶן פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֵּיהֶן, תַּחְתֵּיהֶן טָמֵא. בֵּינֵיהֶם, בֵּינֵיהֶן טָמֵא. עַל גַּבֵּיהֶן, כְּנֶגְדּוֹ עַד לָרָקִיעַ טָמֵא. הָיָה הָעֶלְיוֹן עוֹדֵף עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹן פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֵּיהֶן אוֹ בֵינֵיהֶן, תַּחְתֵּיהֶן וּבֵינֵיהֶן טָמֵא. עַל גַּבֵּיהֶן, כְּנֶגְדּוֹ עַד לָרָקִיעַ טָמֵא. הָיָה הָעֶלְיוֹן עוֹדֵף עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹן פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח, טֻמְאָה תַחְתֵּיהֶן, תַּחְתֵּיהֶן וּבֵינֵיהֶן טָמֵא. בֵּינֵיהֶן אוֹ תַחַת הַמּוֹתָר, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, תַּחְתֵּיהֶן וּבֵינֵיהֶן טָמֵא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, בֵּינֵיהֶן וְתַחַת הַמּוֹתָר, טָמֵא, וְתַחְתֵּיהֶן, טָהוֹר:

[With regard to] two projections, one [directly] above the other, each having a width of one handbreadth and a space of one handbreadth between them: If there is uncleanness beneath them, what is beneath them becomes unclean; If it is between them, what is between them becomes unclean; Above them, everything directly [above] to the sky becomes unclean. If the upper [projection] overlapped the lower to the extent of one handbreadth: If there is uncleanness beneath or between them, what is beneath and between them becomes unclean; If it is above them, what is directly [above] to the sky becomes unclean. If the upper [projection] overlapped the lower to an extent of less than a handbreadth: If there is uncleanness beneath them, what is beneath and between them becomes unclean; If it is between them or beneath the overlapping [part]: Rabbi Eliezer says: what is beneath them and between them becomes unclean. Rabbi Joshua says: what is between them and beneath the overlapping [part] becomes unclean, but what is beneath [the lower one] remains clean.

Mishnah Oholot 14:5 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

בַּיִת שֶׁמִּלְאוֹ עָפָר אוֹ צְרוֹרוֹת, וּבִטְּלוֹ, וְכֵן כְּרִי שֶׁל תְּבוּאָה, אוֹ גַל שֶׁל צְרוֹרוֹת, אֲפִלּוּ כְגַלּוֹ שֶׁל עָכָן, וַאֲפִלּוּ טֻמְאָה בְצַד הַכֵּלִים, טֻמְאָה בוֹקַעַת וְעוֹלָה, בּוֹקַעַת וְיוֹרָדֶת:

[With regard to] a house filled with earth or pebbles which he [decided] to leave there, or similarly a heap of produce or a mound of pebbles even such as Akhan's mound, and even if the uncleanness is by the side of the vessels, the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards.

Mishnah Oholot 15:7 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

חֲצַר הַקֶּבֶר, הָעוֹמֵד בְּתוֹכָהּ טָהוֹר, עַד שֶׁיְהֵא בָהּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמַּאי. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. קוֹרָה שֶׁעֲשָׂאָהּ גּוֹלֵל לְקֶבֶר, בֵּין עוֹמֶדֶת בֵּין מֻטָּה עַל צִדָּהּ, אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא כְנֶגֶד הַפֶּתַח. עָשָׂה רֹאשָׁהּ גּוֹלֵל לְקֶבֶר, אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא עַד אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לָגֹד, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, כֻּלָּהּ חִבּוּר:

[With regard to] the courtyard of a tomb: A person standing in it remains clean as long as there is a space of four cubits square, according to the words of Bet Shammai. Bet Hillel says: four handbreadths. [With regard to] a roof beam which had been used as a covering stone for a tomb, whether it is standing upright or lying on its side, nothing becomes unclean except what [touches] opposite the opening of the grave. If the end [of the beam] were made the covering stone of a grave, only [that part] up to four handbreadths [from the grave] becomes unclean. [This applies] when [the beam] is going to be cut. Rabbi Judah says: all the beam is connected.

Mishnah Oholot 15:8 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּמֵת וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכֵלִים, הַמַּאֲהִיל עַל הַמֵּת וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכֵלִים, טְמֵאִין. מַאֲהִיל עַל הַמֵּת וּמַאֲהִיל עַל הַכֵּלִים, הַנוֹגֵעַ בְּמֵת וּמַאֲהִיל עַל הַכֵּלִים, טְהוֹרִים. אִם יֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טְמֵאִין. שְׁנֵי בָתִּים וּבָהֶן כִּשְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים, פָּשַׁט אֶת שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו לָהֶן, אִם יֵשׁ בְּיָדָיו פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. וְאִם לָאו, אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה:

One who touches a corpse and touches vessels, one who overshadows a corpse and touches vessels, they [the vessels] are unclean. One who overshadows a corpse and overshadows vessels, one who touches a corpse and overshadows vessels, they [the vessels] are clean. If his hands are a handbreadth wide, they are unclean. Two houses, and in each there is a half an olive's worth of corpse and he puts one hand into each house: If his hands are a handbreadth wide, he brings uncleanness; But if not, he does not bring uncleanness.

Mishnah Oholot 15:10 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כָּל הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה כָּעֳבִי הַמַּרְדֵּעַ. אָמַר רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן, אֲקַפַּח אֶת בָּנַי שֶׁזּוֹ הֲלָכָה מְקֻפַּחַת, שֶׁשָּׁמַע הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ, וְטָעָה, שֶׁהָאִכָּר עוֹבֵר וְהַמַּרְדֵּעַ עַל כְּתֵפוֹ, וְהֶאֱהִיל צִדּוֹ אֶחָד עַל הַקֶּבֶר, וְטִמְּאוּהוּ מִשּׁוּם כֵּלִים הַמַּאֲהִילִים עַל הַמֵּת. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אֲנִי אֲתַקֵּן שֶׁיְּהוּ דִבְרֵי חֲכָמִים קַיָּמִין, שֶׁיְּהוּ כָל הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין מְבִיאִין אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה עַל אָדָם הַנּוֹשְׂאָן בָּעֳבִי הַמַּרְדֵּעַ, וְעַל עַצְמָן בְּכָל שֶׁהֵן, וְעַל שְׁאָר אָדָם וְכֵלִים בְּפוֹתֵחַ טָפַח:

All movable things convey uncleanness when they are of the thickness of an ox-goad. Rabbi Tarfon said: May I [see the] demise of my sons if this is [not] a demised halakhah which someone heard and misunderstood. For a farmer was passing by and over his shoulder was an ox-goad, and one end overshadowed a grave. He was declared unclean on account of vessels that were overshadowing a corpse. Rabbi Akiva said: I can fix [the halakhah] so that the words of the sages can exist [as they are]: All movable things convey uncleanness to come upon a person carrying them, when they are of the thickness of an ox-goad; Upon themselves when they are of whatever thickness; And upon other men or vessels [which they overshadow] when they are one handbreadth wide.

Mishnah Oholot 16:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כֵּיצַד. כּוּשׁ שֶׁהוּא תָחוּב בַּכֹּתֶל, כַּחֲצִי זַיִת מִתַּחְתָּיו וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מֵעַל גַּבָּיו, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָן מְכֻוָּנִין, טָמֵא. נִמְצָא מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה לְעַצְמוֹ בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא. הַקַּדָּר שֶׁהוּא עוֹבֵר וְהַסַּל עַל כְּתֵפוֹ וְהֶאֱהִיל צִדּוֹ אַחַת עַל הַקֶּבֶר, הַכֵּלִים שֶׁבַּצַּד הַשֵּׁנִי טְהוֹרִין. אִם יֵשׁ בַּסַּל פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טְמֵאִים. הַתְּלוּלִיּוֹת הַקְּרוֹבוֹת בֵּין לָעִיר בֵּין לַדֶּרֶךְ, אֶחָד חֲדָשׁוֹת וְאֶחָד יְשָׁנוֹת, טְמֵאוֹת. הָרְחוֹקוֹת, חֲדָשׁוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת וִישָׁנוֹת טְמֵאוֹת. אֵיזוֹ הִיא קְרוֹבָה, חֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה. וִישָׁנָה, שִׁשִּׁים שָׁנָה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, קְרוֹבָה, שֶׁאֵין קְרוֹבָה מִמֶּנָּה. וִישָׁנָה, שֶׁאֵין אָדָם זוֹכְרָהּ:

How so? A spindle stuck into the wall, with [a portion of corpse] of half an olive-size above it and [a portion of corpse] of half an olive-size below it. Even though one [portion] is not directly [above] the other, [the spindle] becomes unclean. Hence it is found that [a movable object] conveys uncleanness to come upon itself whatever its thickness. A pot seller passes by a grave with a yoke over his shoulder, one end of which overshadows a grave, vessels on the other side remain clean. If the yoke is one handbreadth wide, they become unclean. Mounds which are near to a city or to a road, whether they are new or old, are unclean. [As for those that are] far away, new ones are clean but old ones are unclean. What counts as near? Fifty cubits. And old? Sixty years old, the words of Rabbi Meir. R. Judah says: Near means there is none nearer than it, and old means that no one remembers [when it was made].

Mishnah Oholot 16:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַמּוֹצֵא מֵת בַּתְּחִלָּה מֻשְׁכָּב כְּדַרְכּוֹ, נוֹטְלוֹ וְאֶת תְּבוּסָתוֹ. מָצָא שְׁנַיִם, נוֹטְלָן וְאֶת תְּבוּסָתָן. מָצָא שְׁלשָׁה, אִם יֵשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְעַד שְׁמֹנֶה כִּמְלֹא מִטָּה וְקוֹבְרֶיהָ, הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁכוּנַת קְבָרוֹת. בּוֹדֵק מִמֶּנּוּ וּלְהַלָּן עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה. מָצָא אֶחָד בְּסוֹף עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה, בּוֹדֵק מִמֶּנּוּ וּלְהַלָּן עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה, שֶׁרַגְלַיִם לַדָּבָר. שֶׁאִלּוּ מִתְּחִלָּה מְצָאוֹ, נוֹטְלוֹ וְאֶת תְּבוּסָתוֹ:

If one finds a corpse unexpectedly lying in its natural position, he may remove it along with the [blood-] saturated earth around it. If he finds two, he may remove them along with the [blood-] saturated earth around it. If he finds three, if there is a space of from four to eight cubits between the first and the last, that is, the space of a bier and its bearers, then it must be accounted a graveyard. He must search [the ground] for twenty cubits from that point. If he found [another corpse] at the end of those twenty cubits, he must search for a further twenty cubits from that place, since there are already grounds for belief [that this is a graveyard], in spite of the fact that if he had found this [lone grave] in the first case, he could have removed it with the [blood-] saturated earth around it.

Mishnah Oholot 16:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַחוֹרֵשׁ אֶת הַקֶּבֶר, הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹשֶׂה בֵית הַפְּרָס. עַד כַּמָּה הוּא עוֹשֶׂה. מְלֹא מַעֲנָה מֵאָה אַמָּה, בֵּית אַרְבַּעַת סְאִים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, בֵּית חָמֵשׁ, בְּמוֹרָד. וּבְמַעֲלֶה, נוֹתֵן רֹבַע כַּרְשִׁינִים עַל בֹּרֶךְ הַמַּחֲרֵשָׁה, עַד מְקוֹם שֶׁיִּצְמְחוּ שְׁלשָׁה כַרְשִׁינִין זוֹ בְצַד זוֹ, עַד שָׁם הוּא עוֹשֶׂה בֵית הַפְּרָס. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, בְּמוֹרָד וְלֹא בְמַעֲלֶה:

One who plows a grave [into a field], behold he makes it a bet haperas. To what extent does he make it [a bet haperas]? For the length of a furrow of a hundred cubits, a space in which four se'ahs [can grow]. Rabbi Yose says: an area of five [se'ahs]. But when on an upward or downward slope: he puts a quarter [of a kav] of vetch seed on the knee of the plough, and the space where [the last] three vetches grow next to each other is a bet peras. Rabbi Yose says: [a bet haperas is only made by a plough going] downwards but not upwards.

Mishnah Oholot 17:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

הַחוֹרֵשׁ מְלָטַמְיָא, מִצְּבִירַת הָעֲצָמוֹת, מִשָּׂדֶה שֶׁאָבַד הַקֶּבֶר בְּתוֹכָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצָא בָהּ קֶבֶר, הַחוֹרֵשׁ אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְכֵן נָכְרִי שֶׁחָרַשׁ, אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ בֵּית פְּרָס, שֶׁאֵין בֵּית פְּרָס לַכּוּתִיִּים:

If a person plows from a pit full of bones, or from a heap of bones, Or from a field in which a grave had been lost, Or in which a grave was subsequently found, Or if he plows a field which was not his own, Or if a non-Jew plowed, he does not make a bet peras. For the rule of bet peras does not apply [even] to Samaritans.

Mishnah Oholot 17:3 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

שָׂדֶה שֶׁאָבַד קֶבֶר בְּתוֹכָהּ, וּבָנָה בָהּ בַּיִת וַעֲלִיָּה עַל גַּבָּיו, אִם הָיְתָה פִתְחָהּ שֶׁל עֲלִיָּה מְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגֶד פִּתְחוֹ שֶׁל בַּיִת, עֲלִיָּה טְהוֹרָה. וְאִם לָאו, עֲלִיָּה טְמֵאָה. עֲפַר בֵּית הַפְּרָס וַעֲפַר חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ שֶׁבָּא בְיָרָק, מִצְטָרְפִין כְּחוֹתַם הַמַּרְצוּפִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְמָקוֹם אֶחָד כְּחוֹתַם הַמַּרְצוּפִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁהָיוּ אִגְּרוֹת בָּאוֹת מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם לִבְנֵי כֹהֲנִים גְּדוֹלִים, וְהָיוּ בָהֶם כִּסְאָה וּכְסָאתַיִם חוֹתָמוֹת, וְלֹא חָשׁוּ לָהֶם חֲכָמִים מִשּׁוּם טֻמְאָה:

[With regard to] a field in which a grave had been lost, and upon which a house had been built with an upper story above it: If the entrance of the upper room was directly above the entrance of the house, the upper story remains clean; But if not the upper story becomes unclean. [With regard to] soil from a bet peras, or soil from a foreign country that came in with vegetables, the pieces of the soil combine together [to transmit impurity if they form a portion] the size of a packing-bag seal, the words of Rabbi Eliezer; But the sages say: there must be one portion of the size of a packing-bag seal. Rabbi Judah says: It happened once that letters came from overseas for the sons of the high priests and they had on them about a se'ah or two se'ahs of seals [of dirt], but the sages were not concerned on account of uncleanness.

Mishnah Oholot 17:5 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

כֵּיצַד בּוֹצְרִים בֵּית הַפְּרָס. מַזִּים עַל הָאָדָם וְעַל הַכֵּלִים, וְשׁוֹנִים וּבוֹצְרִים וּמוֹצִיאִים חוּץ לְבֵית הַפְּרָס, וַאֲחֵרִים מְקַבְּלִים מֵהֶם וּמוֹלִיכִים לַגָּת. אִם נָגְעוּ אֵלּוּ בָאֵלּוּ, טְמֵאִים, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אוֹחֵז אֶת הַמַּגָּל בְּסִיב, אוֹ בוֹצֵר בְּצוֹר וְנוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ הַכְּפִישָׁה וּמוֹלִיךְ לַגָּת. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בְּכֶרֶם הַנַּעֲשָׂה בֵית הַפְּרָס. אֲבָל נוֹטֵעַ בֵּית הַפְּרָס, יִמָּכֵר לַשּׁוּק:

How does one harvest the grapes of a bet peras? They sprinkle [hatat water] on the harvesters and the vessels [once] and then a second time. Then they harvest the grapes and take them out of the bet peras. Others then receive [the grapes] and take them to the winepress. If the latter set [of persons] came into contact with the former, they become unclean, This is according to the words of Bet Hillel. Bet Shammai say: [the gatherer] holds the sickle with sinew-rope, or harvests the grapes with a sharp flint, lets [the grapes fall] into a basket, and then he takes [them] to the winepress. Rabbi Yose said: When do these rules apply? [Only] in the case of a vineyard which subsequently became a bet peras; but a person who plants [vines] in a bet peras must sell [the grapes] in the market.

Mishnah Oholot 18:1 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

שְׁלשָׁה בֵית פְּרָסוֹת הֵן, הַחוֹרֵשׁ אֶת הַקֶּבֶר, נִטַּעַת כָּל נֶטַע, וְאֵינָהּ נִזְרַעַת כָּל זֶרַע, חוּץ מִזֶּרַע הַנִּקְצָר. וְאִם עֲקָרוֹ, צוֹבֵר אֶת גָּרְנוֹ לְתוֹכוֹ וְכוֹבְרוֹ בִשְׁתֵּי כְבָרוֹת, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הַתְּבוּאָה בִּשְׁתֵּי כְבָרוֹת, וְהַקִּטְנִיּוֹת בְּשָׁלשׁ כְּבָרוֹת. וְשׂוֹרֵף אֶת הַקַּשׁ וְאֶת הֶעָצָה, וּמְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא, וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְאֹהֶל:

There are three [kinds of] bet peras: A field in which a grave was plowed may be planted with any kind of plant, But must not be sown with any kind of seed, except with seed [yielding produce] which is reaped. If [such produce] were plucked, the threshing-floor must be piled up in [the field] itself, and the [grain] sifted through two sieves, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say: grain [must be sifted] through two sieves, but pulse through three sieves. And he must burn the stubble and the stalks. [Such a field] conveys uncleanness by contact and carriage but does not convey uncleanness by overshadowing.

Mishnah Oholot 18:2 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp

שְׂדֵה בוֹכִין, לֹא נִטַּעַת, וְלֹא נִזְרַעַת, וַעֲפָרָהּ טָהוֹר, וְעוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּה תַנּוּרִים לַקֹּדֶשׁ. וּמוֹדִים בֵּית שַׁמַּאי וּבֵית הִלֵּל שֶׁבּוֹדְקִים לְעוֹשֶׂה פֶסַח, וְאֵין בּוֹדְקִין לִתְרוּמָה. וּלְנָזִיר, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, בּוֹדְקִין. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אֵין בּוֹדְקִין. כֵּיצַד הוּא בוֹדֵק. מֵבִיא אֶת הֶעָפָר שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לַהֲסִיטוֹ וְנוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ כְּבָרָה שֶׁנְּקָבֶיהָ דַקִּים, וּמְמַחֶה, אִם נִמְצָא שָׁם עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, טָמֵא:

A kokhin field may neither be planted nor sown, but its earth is regarded as clean and ovens may be made of it for holy use. Bet Shammai and Bet Hillel agree that it [a bet peras in which a grave was plowed over] is examined for one who wished to perform the pesah sacrifice,but is not examined for one who wants to eat terumah. And as for a nazirite: Bet Shammai say: it is examined, But Bet Hillel say: it is not examined. How does he examine it? He brings earth that he can move, and places it into a sieve with fine meshes, and crumbles. If a bone of barley-corn size is found there [the person passing through the field] is deemed unclean.

Mishnah Oholot 18:4 · Mishnah Yomit by Dr. Joshua Kulp